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国家金融监督管理总局于2024年2月2日发布的《个人贷款管理办法》(下称《办法》)，将于2024年7月1日正式实施。与此同时《个人贷款管理暂行办法》(下称《暂行办法》)将废止。《办法》是银行业金融机构开展个人贷款业务的重要遵循，相关银行业金融机构应充分关注本文件，本文将针对《办法》的部分内容进行简要解读。

明确个人贷款业务有关概念。《办法》延续《暂行办法》对个人贷款业务的界定，将个人贷款界定为：贷款人向符合条件的自然人发放的用于个人消费、生产经营等用途的本外币贷款。此外，第八条还进一步明确贷款的期限，规定用于个人消费的贷款期限不得超过五年；用于生产经营的贷款期限一般不超过五年，延长后最长不得超过十年。

建立完善贷款制度。《办法》对贷款人提出建立完善贷款调查机制、风险评价机制及借款人信用风险评价体系的要求，以保证贷款调查的真实性和有效性。在贷款调查的过程中，贷款人应切实保障借款人的利益，对于合作的第三方机构应明确其资质条件并建立名单管理机制，通过准入、退出等手段加强对第三方机构的管理。此外，贷款人亦不得将风险控制的核心事项交由第三方完成。《办法》还要求贷款人落实风险评价的责任部门和岗位。进行贷款风险评价时，贷款人应采取定量和定性分析方法，全面、动态、审慎地进行贷款风险评价，分析借款人的信用状况和还款能力，关注其收入与支出、偿债情况等，对用于生产经营的贷款，还应对借款人经营情况和风险情况进行分析。

《办法》还特别强调贷款人不得直接通过担保方式确定贷款金额和期限等要素，应当以全面评价借款人的偿债能力为前提，以及要求贷款人建立和完善借款人信用风险评价体系，关注借款人各类融资情况，建立健全个人客户统一授信管理体系，并根据业务发展情况和风险控制需要适时予以调整。

此外，《办法》还延续了有关要求贷款人建立个人贷款全流程管理机制、个人贷款风险限额管理制度等规定。

增加运用信息技术方面的规定。针对近年来信息技术不断发展的现状，《办法》响应时代需求，就贷款人运用信息技术的方面作出相应规定，为贷款人运用信息技术提供规范指引。首先，《办法》第十六条肯定了贷款人可通过数字化电子调查等非现场间接调查手段开展贷款调查(金额超过二十万元及用于个人住房用途的贷款除外)；其次，第十八条规定在自有平台能采取有效措施确定并核实借款人真实身份及所涉信息真实性的条件下，贷款人可通过视频形式与借款人面谈(用于个人住房用途的贷款除外)；复次，第二十一条肯定贷款人可通过线上方式进行自动化审批，但贷款人应建立人工复审机制，作为对自动化审批的补充，并设定人工复审的触发条件。对贷后管理中发现自动化审批不能有效识别风险的，贷款人应当停止自动化审批流程；最后，肯定电子贷款合同。第二十六条规定贷款人可通过电子银行渠道签订有关合同和文件(金额超过二十万元及用于个人住房用途的贷款除外)。

加强贷后管理。首先，《办法》第二十七条要求贷款人应在贷款合同中约定借款人不履行合同或怠于履行合同时应承担的违约责任及应采取的补救措施。同时，第三十九条规定贷款人应加强对借款人资金挪用行为的监控，发现借款人挪用贷款资金的，应按照合同约定，要求借款人整改、提前归还贷款或下调贷款风险分类等。其次，细化个人贷款展期规定，要求贷款人综合考虑展期原因及后续还款安排可行性。贷款展期期限为一年以内的，累计不得超过原贷款期限；展期期限超过一年的，累计不得超过原贷款期限的一半。最后，对未能收回的贷款，增加转让及核销的处置方式。

《办法》的出台将对银行业金融机构开展个人贷款业务造成巨大影响，有关金融机构应认真研读《办法》，及时调整业务，确保审慎、合规经营。

The National Administration of Financial Regulation released the Measures for the Administration of Personal Loans on 2 February 2024, which will officially take effect on 1 July 2024, replacing the interim measures previously in effect. The measures serve as an important compliance guideline for banking and financial institutions engaging in personal loan businesses. Relevant institutions should pay full attention to this document. This article provides a brief interpretation of certain aspects of the measures.

Clarifying concepts related to personal loan business. The measures define personal loan business as loans granted by lenders to eligible individuals for personal consumption, production or other purposes, in domestic or foreign currency.

Additionally, article 8 further specifies loan terms, stating that the loan term for personal consumption should not exceed five years, while loans for production or business purposes generally should not exceed five years, with a maximum extension of up to 10 years.

Establishing a comprehensive loan system. The measures enhance requirements for lenders to establish robust loan investigation, risk assessment mechanisms and borrower credit risk evaluation systems to ensure the authenticity and effectiveness of loan investigations.

Lenders must safeguard borrower interests during investigations and clarify qualifications for third-party collaborators, implementing list management mechanisms to enhance oversight through admission and exit procedures. Additionally, lenders are prohibited from outsourcing core risk control tasks.

The measures also mandate lenders to designate departments and positions responsible for risk assessment. When evaluating loan risks, lenders must employ quantitative and qualitative analysis methods, conducting comprehensive, dynamic and prudent assessments of borrower credit status, repayment capacity, income, expenditure and debt situation.

For loans intended for production operations, lenders should analyse borrower business and risk conditions. Furthermore, the measures emphasise that lenders must not determine loan amounts and terms solely through guarantee methods, but should prioritise a comprehensive assessment of borrower repayment ability.

Lenders are required to establish and improve borrower credit risk evaluation systems, monitor borrower financing situations and establish a unified credit management system for individual clients, adjusting these as necessary based on business development and risk control needs.

Additionally, the measures continue requirements for lenders to establish a mechanism for managing the entire loan process and a risk limit management system for personal loans.

Increasing provisions for the use of information technology. In response to the continual development of information technology, the measures provide corresponding regulations for lenders’ use of information technology, offering standardised guidance.

First, article 16 of the measures affirms that lenders may conduct loan investigations using digital electronic methods or other non-face-to-face indirect investigation means, excluding loans exceeding RMB20,000 (USD2,700) or those intended for personal housing purposes.

Second, article 18 stipulates that lenders may conduct video interviews with borrowers through their own platforms if they can effectively verify borrowers’ identities and relevant information, except for loans for personal housing purposes.

Third, article 21 affirms that lenders may perform automated approvals online, provided they establish a manual review mechanism as a supplement, with conditions triggering a manual review. If automated approvals are found ineffective in identifying risks during post-loan management, lenders should halt the automated approval process.

Finally, electronic loan contracts are recognised in article 26, with lenders permitted to sign relevant contracts and documents through electronic banking channels, except for loans exceeding RMB20,000, or those used for personal housing purposes.

Enhancing post-loan management. First, article 27 of the measures mandates that lenders stipulate in loan contracts the consequences for borrowers failing to fulfil their contractual obligations or defaulting, along with the corresponding remedies to be taken.

Concurrently, article 39 requires lenders to intensify monitoring of borrowers’ fund misappropriation activities. If such misuse is detected, lenders should, as per contract terms, demand rectification, early repayment, or downgrade of loan risk classification.

Second, the measures provide detailed regulations on loan extensions for individual borrowers. Lenders must consider the reasons for the extension and the feasibility of subsequent repayment arrangements.

Extensions for a duration of less than a year should not exceed the original loan term, cumulatively. Extensions exceeding a year should not surpass half of the original loan term, cumulatively.

Finally, alternative measures such as transfer and write-off are introduced for unrecovered loans.

The introduction of the measures will significantly impact banking and financial institutions engaged in personal loan businesses. Hence, relevant institutions should thoroughly study the measures, promptly adjust their operations, and ensure prudent and compliant practices.